Hidden diversity in two widespread snake species (Serpentes: Xenodontini: Erythrolamprus) from South America

The spatial distribution of genetic diversity of widely distributed Neotropical tetrapods has been an active research field during the last decade, although it has focused on lowland (mostly Amazonian) taxa. In this paper we use phylogenetic analyses to explore the diversity within two widely distributed snake species, Erythrolamprus epinephelus and E. reginae. Specifically, we focus on Andean populations of the former and lowland samples of the latter. Our results show that Erythrolamprus epinephelus is paraphyletic and support recognition of the subspecies albiventris, fraseri and lamonae as distinct species. Regarding E. reginae, our results are in conflict with recent taxonomic proposals in that (1) E. reginae is paraphyletic, and (2) E. zweifeli from Trinidad and E. reginae from Amazonian Ecuador are not reciprocally monophyletic. Finally, we recommend caution when proposing taxonomic changes based on incomplete geographic and/or character sampling of widespread Neotropical taxa.