Fundamentals and environmental applications of bismuth vanadate through photoelectrocatalysis

This review outlines the fundamentals of photoelectrocatalysis (PEC) using BiVO₄ as a promising photoelectrode for environmental applications. Key PEC factors—light absorption, semiconductor properties, potential, temperature, and pH—are discussed. BiVO₄’s optical, structural, and stability traits are compared with other vanadates. Synthesis methods (electrodeposition, SILAR, sputtering, and others) and performance-enhancing strategies (doping, heterojunctions, high-exposed facets) are examined. BiVO₄’s pollutant degradation pathway and dual-function PEC systems are explored, emphasizing the balance between properties for efficient energy conversion and environmental cleanup.