A framework for environmental performance evaluation in resource-constrained air navigation services: a Cuban case study

The aeronautical sector confronts unprecedented challenges to mitigate its environmental impact amid accelerated climate change and stringent regulations. This study’s objective was to design and apply a methodology for evaluating environmental performance at the Cuban Air Navigation Company through a mixed-methods case study. Based on ISO 14001 and 14031 standards, the methodology's design integrated systematic literature review and documentary analysis and was validated using inductive-deductive and systemic approaches. The results, based on three premises and six key indicators, revealed high compliance in environmental objectives (92.3%) and waste management (102%). However, the evaluation also highlighted key areas for improvement, such as electromobility strategies (70% compliance) and the environmental training plan (83.6% compliance). The resulting framework not only enables monitoring environmental practices to ensure regulatory compliance but also serves as a strategic tool for advancing sustainability and driving continuous management improvement.