Positive feedbacks and alternative stable states in forest leaf types

Yibiao Zou; Constantin M. Zohner; Colin Averill; Haozhi Ma; Julian Merder; Miguel Berdugo; Lalasia Bialic-Murphy; Lidong Mo; Philipp Brun; Niklaus E. Zimmermann; Jingjing Liang; Sergio de-Miguel; Gert Jan Nabuurs; Peter B. Reich; Ulo Niinements; Jonas Dahlgren; Gerald Kändler; Sophia Ratcliffe; Paloma Ruiz-Benito; Miguel Angel de Zavala; Thomas W. Crowther; Meinrad Abegg; Yves C. Adou Yao; Giorgio Alberti; Angelica M. Almeyda Zambrano; Braulio Vilchez Alvarado; Esteban Alvarez-Dávila; Patricia Alvarez-Loayza; Luciana F. Alves; Christian Ammer; Clara Antón-Fernández; Alejandro Araujo-Murakami; Luzmila Arroyo; Valerio Avitabile; Gerardo A. Aymard; Timothy R. Baker; Radomir Bałazy; Olaf Banki; Jorcely G. Barroso; Meredith L. Bastian; Jean Francois Bastin; Luca Birigazzi; Philippe Birnbaum; Robert Bitariho; Pascal Boeckx; Frans Bongers; Olivier Bouriaud; Pedro H.S. Brancalion; Susanne Brandl; Francis Q. Brearley; Roel Brienen; Eben N. Broadbent; Helge Bruelheide; Filippo Bussotti; Roberto Cazzolla Gatti; Ricardo G. César; Goran Cesljar; Robin Chazdon; Han Y.H. Chen; Chelsea Chisholm; Hyunkook Cho; Emil Cienciala; Connie Clark; David Clark; Gabriel D. Colletta; David A. Coomes; Fernando Cornejo Valverde; José J. Corral-Rivas; Philip M. Crim; Jonathan R. Cumming; Selvadurai Dayanandan; André L. de Gasper; Mathieu Decuyper; Géraldine Derroire; Ben DeVries; Ilija Djordjevic; Jiri Dolezal; Aurélie Dourdain; Nestor Laurier Engone Obiang; Brian J. Enquist; Teresa J. Eyre; Adandé Belarmain Fandohan; Tom M. Fayle; Ted R. Feldpausch; Leandro V. Ferreira; Leena Finér; Markus Fischer; Christine Fletcher; Jonas Fridman; Lorenzo Frizzera; Javier G.P. Gamarra; Damiano Gianelle; Henry B. Glick; David J. Harris; Andrew Hector; Andreas Hemp; Geerten Hengeveld; Bruno Hérault; John L. Herbohn; Martin Herold; Annika Hillers; Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado; Cang Hui; Thomas Ibanez; Amaral Iêda; Nobuo Imai; Andrzej M. Jagodziński; Bogdan Jaroszewicz; Vivian Kvist Johannsen; Carlos A. Joly; Tommaso Jucker; Ilbin Jung; Viktor Karminov; Kuswata Kartawinata; Elizabeth Kearsley; David Kenfack; Deborah K. Kennard; Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas; Gunnar Keppel; Mohammed Latif Khan; Timothy J. Killeen; Hyun Seok Kim; Kanehiro Kitayama; Michael Köhl; Henn Korjus; Florian Kraxner; Diana Laarmann; Mait Lang; Simon L. Lewis; Huicui Lu; Natalia V. Lukina; Brian S. Maitner; Yadvinder Malhi; Eric Marcon; Beatriz Schwantes Marimon; Ben Hur Marimon-Junior; Andrew R. Marshall; Emanuel H. Martin; Dmitry Kucher; Jorge A. Meave; Omar Melo-Cruz; Casimiro Mendoza; Cory Merow; Abel Monteagudo Mendoza; Vanessa S. Moreno; Sharif A. Mukul; Philip Mundhenk; María Guadalupe Nava-Miranda; David Neill; Victor J. Neldner; Radovan V. Nevenic; Michael R. Ngugi; Pascal A. Niklaus; Jacek Oleksyn; Petr Ontikov; Edgar Ortiz-Malavasi; Yude Pan; Alain Paquette; Alexander Parada-Gutierrez; Elena I. Parfenova; Minjee Park; Marc Parren; Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy; Pablo L. Peri; Sebastian Pfautsch; Oliver L. Phillips; Nicolas Picard; Maria Teresa T.F. Piedade; Daniel Piotto; Nigel C.A. Pitman; Irina Polo; Lourens Poorter; Axel D. Poulsen; John R. Poulsen; Hans Pretzsch; Freddy Ramirez Arevalo; Zorayda Restrepo-Correa; Mirco Rodeghiero; Samir G. Rolim; Anand Roopsind; Francesco Rovero; Ervan Rutishauser; Purabi Saikia; Christian Salas-Eljatib; Philippe Saner; Peter Schall; Mart Jan Schelhaas; Dmitry Schepaschenko; Michael Scherer-Lorenzen; Bernhard Schmid; Jochen Schöngart; Eric B. Searle; Vladimír Seben; Josep M. Serra-Diaz; Douglas Sheil; Anatoly Z. Shvidenko; Javier E. Silva-Espejo; Marcos Silveira; James Singh; Plinio Sist; Ferry Slik; Bonaventure Sonké; Alexandre F. Souza; Stanislaw Miscicki; Krzysztof J. Stereńczak; Jens Christian Svenning; Miroslav Svoboda; Ben Swanepoel; Natalia Targhetta; Nadja Tchebakova; Hans ter Steege; Raquel Thomas; Elena Tikhonova; Peter M. Umunay; Vladimir A. Usoltsev; Renato Valencia; Fernando Valladares; Fons van der Plas; Tran Van Do; Michael E. van Nuland; Rodolfo M. Vasquez; Hans Verbeeck; Helder Viana; Alexander C. Vibrans; Simone Vieira; Klaus von Gadow; Hua Feng Wang; James V. Watson; Gijsbert D.A. Werner; Bertil Westerlund; Susan K. Wiser; Florian Wittmann; Hannsjoerg Woell; Verginia Wortel; Roderik Zagt; Tomasz Zawiła-Niedźwiecki; Chunyu Zhang; Xiuhai Zhao; Mo Zhou; Zhi Xin Zhu; Irie C. Zo-Bi

doi:10.1038/s41467-024-48676-5

Positive feedbacks and alternative stable states in forest leaf types

Yibiao Zou, Constantin M. Zohner, Colin Averill, Haozhi Ma, Julian Merder, Miguel Berdugo, Lalasia Bialic-Murphy, Lidong Mo, Philipp Brun, Niklaus E. Zimmermann, Jingjing Liang, Sergio de-Miguel, Gert Jan Nabuurs, Peter B. Reich, Ulo Niinements, Jonas Dahlgren, Gerald Kändler, Sophia Ratcliffe, Paloma Ruiz-Benito, Miguel Angel de ZavalaThomas W. Crowther, Meinrad Abegg, Yves C. Adou Yao, Giorgio Alberti, Angelica M. Almeyda Zambrano, Braulio Vilchez Alvarado, Esteban Alvarez-Dávila, Patricia Alvarez-Loayza, Luciana F. Alves, Christian Ammer, Clara Antón-Fernández, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Luzmila Arroyo, Valerio Avitabile, Gerardo A. Aymard, Timothy R. Baker, Radomir Bałazy, Olaf Banki, Jorcely G. Barroso, Meredith L. Bastian, Jean Francois Bastin, Luca Birigazzi, Philippe Birnbaum, Robert Bitariho, Pascal Boeckx, Frans Bongers, Olivier Bouriaud, Pedro H.S. Brancalion, Susanne Brandl, Francis Q. Brearley, Roel Brienen, Eben N. Broadbent, Helge Bruelheide, Filippo Bussotti, Roberto Cazzolla Gatti, Ricardo G. César, Goran Cesljar, Robin Chazdon, Han Y.H. Chen, Chelsea Chisholm, Hyunkook Cho, Emil Cienciala, Connie Clark, David Clark, Gabriel D. Colletta, David A. Coomes, Fernando Cornejo Valverde, José J. Corral-Rivas, Philip M. Crim, Jonathan R. Cumming, Selvadurai Dayanandan, André L. de Gasper, Mathieu Decuyper, Géraldine Derroire, Ben DeVries, Ilija Djordjevic, Jiri Dolezal, Aurélie Dourdain, Nestor Laurier Engone Obiang, Brian J. Enquist, Teresa J. Eyre, Adandé Belarmain Fandohan, Tom M. Fayle, Ted R. Feldpausch, Leandro V. Ferreira, Leena Finér, Markus Fischer, Christine Fletcher, Jonas Fridman, Lorenzo Frizzera, Javier G.P. Gamarra, Damiano Gianelle, Henry B. Glick, David J. Harris, Andrew Hector, Andreas Hemp, Geerten Hengeveld, Bruno Hérault, John L. Herbohn, Martin Herold, Annika Hillers, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, Cang Hui, Thomas Ibanez, Amaral Iêda, Nobuo Imai, Andrzej M. Jagodziński, Bogdan Jaroszewicz, Vivian Kvist Johannsen, Carlos A. Joly, Tommaso Jucker, Ilbin Jung, Viktor Karminov, Kuswata Kartawinata, Elizabeth Kearsley, David Kenfack, Deborah K. Kennard, Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas, Gunnar Keppel, Mohammed Latif Khan, Timothy J. Killeen, Hyun Seok Kim, Kanehiro Kitayama, Michael Köhl, Henn Korjus, Florian Kraxner, Diana Laarmann, Mait Lang, Simon L. Lewis, Huicui Lu, Natalia V. Lukina, Brian S. Maitner, Yadvinder Malhi, Eric Marcon, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Ben Hur Marimon-Junior, Andrew R. Marshall, Emanuel H. Martin, Dmitry Kucher, Jorge A. Meave, Omar Melo-Cruz, Casimiro Mendoza, Cory Merow, Abel Monteagudo Mendoza, Vanessa S. Moreno, Sharif A. Mukul, Philip Mundhenk, María Guadalupe Nava-Miranda, David Neill, Victor J. Neldner, Radovan V. Nevenic, Michael R. Ngugi, Pascal A. Niklaus, Jacek Oleksyn, Petr Ontikov, Edgar Ortiz-Malavasi, Yude Pan, Alain Paquette, Alexander Parada-Gutierrez, Elena I. Parfenova, Minjee Park, Marc Parren, Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy, Pablo L. Peri, Sebastian Pfautsch, Oliver L. Phillips, Nicolas Picard, Maria Teresa T.F. Piedade, Daniel Piotto, Nigel C.A. Pitman, Irina Polo, Lourens Poorter, Axel D. Poulsen, John R. Poulsen, Hans Pretzsch, Freddy Ramirez Arevalo, Zorayda Restrepo-Correa, Mirco Rodeghiero, Samir G. Rolim, Anand Roopsind, Francesco Rovero, Ervan Rutishauser, Purabi Saikia, Christian Salas-Eljatib, Philippe Saner, Peter Schall, Mart Jan Schelhaas, Dmitry Schepaschenko, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Bernhard Schmid, Jochen Schöngart, Eric B. Searle, Vladimír Seben, Josep M. Serra-Diaz, Douglas Sheil, Anatoly Z. Shvidenko, Javier E. Silva-Espejo, Marcos Silveira, James Singh, Plinio Sist, Ferry Slik, Bonaventure Sonké, Alexandre F. Souza, Stanislaw Miscicki, Krzysztof J. Stereńczak, Jens Christian Svenning, Miroslav Svoboda, Ben Swanepoel, Natalia Targhetta, Nadja Tchebakova, Hans ter Steege, Raquel Thomas, Elena Tikhonova, Peter M. Umunay, Vladimir A. Usoltsev, Renato Valencia, Fernando Valladares, Fons van der Plas, Tran Van Do, Michael E. van Nuland, Rodolfo M. Vasquez, Hans Verbeeck, Helder Viana, Alexander C. Vibrans, Simone Vieira, Klaus von Gadow, Hua Feng Wang, James V. Watson, Gijsbert D.A. Werner, Bertil Westerlund, Susan K. Wiser, Florian Wittmann, Hannsjoerg Woell, Verginia Wortel, Roderik Zagt, Tomasz Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, Chunyu Zhang, Xiuhai Zhao, Mo Zhou, Zhi Xin Zhu, Irie C. Zo-Bi

Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

The emergence of alternative stable states in forest systems has significant implications for the functioning and structure of the terrestrial biosphere, yet empirical evidence remains scarce. Here, we combine global forest biodiversity observations and simulations to test for alternative stable states in the presence of evergreen and deciduous forest types. We reveal a bimodal distribution of forest leaf types across temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere that cannot be explained by the environment alone, suggesting signatures of alternative forest states. Moreover, we empirically demonstrate the existence of positive feedbacks in tree growth, recruitment and mortality, with trees having 4–43% higher growth rates, 14–17% higher survival rates and 4–7 times higher recruitment rates when they are surrounded by trees of their own leaf type. Simulations show that the observed positive feedbacks are necessary and sufficient to generate alternative forest states, which also lead to dependency on history (hysteresis) during ecosystem transition from evergreen to deciduous forests and vice versa. We identify hotspots of bistable forest types in evergreen-deciduous ecotones, which are likely driven by soil-related positive feedbacks. These findings are integral to predicting the distribution of forest biomes, and aid to our understanding of biodiversity, carbon turnover, and terrestrial climate feedbacks.

Original language	English
Article number	4658
Journal	Nature Communications
Volume	15
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48676-5
State	Published - Dec 2024

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© The Author(s) 2024.

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10.1038/s41467-024-48676-5

Cite this

Zou, Y., Zohner, C. M., Averill, C., Ma, H., Merder, J., Berdugo, M., Bialic-Murphy, L., Mo, L., Brun, P., Zimmermann, N. E., Liang, J., de-Miguel, S., Nabuurs, G. J., Reich, P. B., Niinements, U., Dahlgren, J., Kändler, G., Ratcliffe, S., Ruiz-Benito, P., ... Zo-Bi, I. C. (2024). Positive feedbacks and alternative stable states in forest leaf types. Nature Communications, 15(1), Article 4658. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48676-5

@article{c399c1b33fb14befac33eccec600f9c5,

title = "Positive feedbacks and alternative stable states in forest leaf types",

abstract = "The emergence of alternative stable states in forest systems has significant implications for the functioning and structure of the terrestrial biosphere, yet empirical evidence remains scarce. Here, we combine global forest biodiversity observations and simulations to test for alternative stable states in the presence of evergreen and deciduous forest types. We reveal a bimodal distribution of forest leaf types across temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere that cannot be explained by the environment alone, suggesting signatures of alternative forest states. Moreover, we empirically demonstrate the existence of positive feedbacks in tree growth, recruitment and mortality, with trees having 4–43% higher growth rates, 14–17% higher survival rates and 4–7 times higher recruitment rates when they are surrounded by trees of their own leaf type. Simulations show that the observed positive feedbacks are necessary and sufficient to generate alternative forest states, which also lead to dependency on history (hysteresis) during ecosystem transition from evergreen to deciduous forests and vice versa. We identify hotspots of bistable forest types in evergreen-deciduous ecotones, which are likely driven by soil-related positive feedbacks. These findings are integral to predicting the distribution of forest biomes, and aid to our understanding of biodiversity, carbon turnover, and terrestrial climate feedbacks.",

author = "Yibiao Zou and Zohner, {Constantin M.} and Colin Averill and Haozhi Ma and Julian Merder and Miguel Berdugo and Lalasia Bialic-Murphy and Lidong Mo and Philipp Brun and Zimmermann, {Niklaus E.} and Jingjing Liang and Sergio de-Miguel and Nabuurs, {Gert Jan} and Reich, {Peter B.} and Ulo Niinements and Jonas Dahlgren and Gerald K{\"a}ndler and Sophia Ratcliffe and Paloma Ruiz-Benito and {de Zavala}, {Miguel Angel} and Crowther, {Thomas W.} and Meinrad Abegg and {Adou Yao}, {Yves C.} and Giorgio Alberti and {Almeyda Zambrano}, {Angelica M.} and Alvarado, {Braulio Vilchez} and Esteban Alvarez-D{\'a}vila and Patricia Alvarez-Loayza and Alves, {Luciana F.} and Christian Ammer and Clara Ant{\'o}n-Fern{\'a}ndez and Alejandro Araujo-Murakami and Luzmila Arroyo and Valerio Avitabile and Aymard, {Gerardo A.} and Baker, {Timothy R.} and Radomir Ba{\l}azy and Olaf Banki and Barroso, {Jorcely G.} and Bastian, {Meredith L.} and Bastin, {Jean Francois} and Luca Birigazzi and Philippe Birnbaum and Robert Bitariho and Pascal Boeckx and Frans Bongers and Olivier Bouriaud and Brancalion, {Pedro H.S.} and Susanne Brandl and Brearley, {Francis Q.} and Roel Brienen and Broadbent, {Eben N.} and Helge Bruelheide and Filippo Bussotti and Gatti, {Roberto Cazzolla} and C{\'e}sar, {Ricardo G.} and Goran Cesljar and Robin Chazdon and Chen, {Han Y.H.} and Chelsea Chisholm and Hyunkook Cho and Emil Cienciala and Connie Clark and David Clark and Colletta, {Gabriel D.} and Coomes, {David A.} and Valverde, {Fernando Cornejo} and Corral-Rivas, {Jos{\'e} J.} and Crim, {Philip M.} and Cumming, {Jonathan R.} and Selvadurai Dayanandan and {de Gasper}, {Andr{\'e} L.} and Mathieu Decuyper and G{\'e}raldine Derroire and Ben DeVries and Ilija Djordjevic and Jiri Dolezal and Aur{\'e}lie Dourdain and Obiang, {Nestor Laurier Engone} and Enquist, {Brian J.} and Eyre, {Teresa J.} and Fandohan, {Adand{\'e} Belarmain} and Fayle, {Tom M.} and Feldpausch, {Ted R.} and Ferreira, {Leandro V.} and Leena Fin{\'e}r and Markus Fischer and Christine Fletcher and Jonas Fridman and Lorenzo Frizzera and Gamarra, {Javier G.P.} and Damiano Gianelle and Glick, {Henry B.} and Harris, {David J.} and Andrew Hector and Andreas Hemp and Geerten Hengeveld and Bruno H{\'e}rault and Herbohn, {John L.} and Martin Herold and Annika Hillers and {Honorio Coronado}, {Eur{\'i}dice N.} and Cang Hui and Thomas Ibanez and Amaral I{\^e}da and Nobuo Imai and Jagodzi{\'n}ski, {Andrzej M.} and Bogdan Jaroszewicz and Johannsen, {Vivian Kvist} and Joly, {Carlos A.} and Tommaso Jucker and Ilbin Jung and Viktor Karminov and Kuswata Kartawinata and Elizabeth Kearsley and David Kenfack and Kennard, {Deborah K.} and Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas and Gunnar Keppel and Khan, {Mohammed Latif} and Killeen, {Timothy J.} and Kim, {Hyun Seok} and Kanehiro Kitayama and Michael K{\"o}hl and Henn Korjus and Florian Kraxner and Diana Laarmann and Mait Lang and Lewis, {Simon L.} and Huicui Lu and Lukina, {Natalia V.} and Maitner, {Brian S.} and Yadvinder Malhi and Eric Marcon and Marimon, {Beatriz Schwantes} and Marimon-Junior, {Ben Hur} and Marshall, {Andrew R.} and Martin, {Emanuel H.} and Dmitry Kucher and Meave, {Jorge A.} and Omar Melo-Cruz and Casimiro Mendoza and Cory Merow and Mendoza, {Abel Monteagudo} and Moreno, {Vanessa S.} and Mukul, {Sharif A.} and Philip Mundhenk and Nava-Miranda, {Mar{\'i}a Guadalupe} and David Neill and Neldner, {Victor J.} and Nevenic, {Radovan V.} and Ngugi, {Michael R.} and Niklaus, {Pascal A.} and Jacek Oleksyn and Petr Ontikov and Edgar Ortiz-Malavasi and Yude Pan and Alain Paquette and Alexander Parada-Gutierrez and Parfenova, {Elena I.} and Minjee Park and Marc Parren and Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy and Peri, {Pablo L.} and Sebastian Pfautsch and Phillips, {Oliver L.} and Nicolas Picard and Piedade, {Maria Teresa T.F.} and Daniel Piotto and Pitman, {Nigel C.A.} and Irina Polo and Lourens Poorter and Poulsen, {Axel D.} and Poulsen, {John R.} and Hans Pretzsch and Arevalo, {Freddy Ramirez} and Zorayda Restrepo-Correa and Mirco Rodeghiero and Rolim, {Samir G.} and Anand Roopsind and Francesco Rovero and Ervan Rutishauser and Purabi Saikia and Christian Salas-Eljatib and Philippe Saner and Peter Schall and Schelhaas, {Mart Jan} and Dmitry Schepaschenko and Michael Scherer-Lorenzen and Bernhard Schmid and Jochen Sch{\"o}ngart and Searle, {Eric B.} and Vladim{\'i}r Seben and Serra-Diaz, {Josep M.} and Douglas Sheil and Shvidenko, {Anatoly Z.} and Silva-Espejo, {Javier E.} and Marcos Silveira and James Singh and Plinio Sist and Ferry Slik and Bonaventure Sonk{\'e} and Souza, {Alexandre F.} and Stanislaw Miscicki and Stere{\'n}czak, {Krzysztof J.} and Svenning, {Jens Christian} and Miroslav Svoboda and Ben Swanepoel and Natalia Targhetta and Nadja Tchebakova and {ter Steege}, Hans and Raquel Thomas and Elena Tikhonova and Umunay, {Peter M.} and Usoltsev, {Vladimir A.} and Renato Valencia and Fernando Valladares and {van der Plas}, Fons and {Van Do}, Tran and {van Nuland}, {Michael E.} and Vasquez, {Rodolfo M.} and Hans Verbeeck and Helder Viana and Vibrans, {Alexander C.} and Simone Vieira and {von Gadow}, Klaus and Wang, {Hua Feng} and Watson, {James V.} and Werner, {Gijsbert D.A.} and Bertil Westerlund and Wiser, {Susan K.} and Florian Wittmann and Hannsjoerg Woell and Verginia Wortel and Roderik Zagt and Tomasz Zawi{\l}a-Nied{\'z}wiecki and Chunyu Zhang and Xiuhai Zhao and Mo Zhou and Zhu, {Zhi Xin} and Zo-Bi, {Irie C.}",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Author(s) 2024.",

year = "2024",

month = dec,

doi = "10.1038/s41467-024-48676-5",

language = "English",

volume = "15",

journal = "Nature Communications",

issn = "2041-1723",

number = "1",

}

Zou, Y, Zohner, CM, Averill, C, Ma, H, Merder, J, Berdugo, M, Bialic-Murphy, L, Mo, L, Brun, P, Zimmermann, NE, Liang, J, de-Miguel, S, Nabuurs, GJ, Reich, PB, Niinements, U, Dahlgren, J, Kändler, G, Ratcliffe, S, Ruiz-Benito, P, de Zavala, MA, Crowther, TW, Abegg, M, Adou Yao, YC, Alberti, G, Almeyda Zambrano, AM, Alvarado, BV, Alvarez-Dávila, E, Alvarez-Loayza, P, Alves, LF, Ammer, C, Antón-Fernández, C, Araujo-Murakami, A, Arroyo, L, Avitabile, V, Aymard, GA, Baker, TR, Bałazy, R, Banki, O, Barroso, JG, Bastian, ML, Bastin, JF, Birigazzi, L, Birnbaum, P, Bitariho, R, Boeckx, P, Bongers, F, Bouriaud, O, Brancalion, PHS, Brandl, S, Brearley, FQ, Brienen, R, Broadbent, EN, Bruelheide, H, Bussotti, F, Gatti, RC, César, RG, Cesljar, G, Chazdon, R, Chen, HYH, Chisholm, C, Cho, H, Cienciala, E, Clark, C, Clark, D, Colletta, GD, Coomes, DA, Valverde, FC, Corral-Rivas, JJ, Crim, PM, Cumming, JR, Dayanandan, S, de Gasper, AL, Decuyper, M, Derroire, G, DeVries, B, Djordjevic, I, Dolezal, J, Dourdain, A, Obiang, NLE, Enquist, BJ, Eyre, TJ, Fandohan, AB, Fayle, TM, Feldpausch, TR, Ferreira, LV, Finér, L, Fischer, M, Fletcher, C, Fridman, J, Frizzera, L, Gamarra, JGP, Gianelle, D, Glick, HB, Harris, DJ, Hector, A, Hemp, A, Hengeveld, G, Hérault, B, Herbohn, JL, Herold, M, Hillers, A, Honorio Coronado, EN, Hui, C, Ibanez, T, Iêda, A, Imai, N, Jagodziński, AM, Jaroszewicz, B, Johannsen, VK, Joly, CA, Jucker, T, Jung, I, Karminov, V, Kartawinata, K, Kearsley, E, Kenfack, D, Kennard, DK, Kepfer-Rojas, S, Keppel, G, Khan, ML, Killeen, TJ, Kim, HS, Kitayama, K, Köhl, M, Korjus, H, Kraxner, F, Laarmann, D, Lang, M, Lewis, SL, Lu, H, Lukina, NV, Maitner, BS, Malhi, Y, Marcon, E, Marimon, BS, Marimon-Junior, BH, Marshall, AR, Martin, EH, Kucher, D, Meave, JA, Melo-Cruz, O, Mendoza, C, Merow, C, Mendoza, AM, Moreno, VS, Mukul, SA, Mundhenk, P, Nava-Miranda, MG, Neill, D, Neldner, VJ, Nevenic, RV, Ngugi, MR, Niklaus, PA, Oleksyn, J, Ontikov, P, Ortiz-Malavasi, E, Pan, Y, Paquette, A, Parada-Gutierrez, A, Parfenova, EI, Park, M, Parren, M, Parthasarathy, N, Peri, PL, Pfautsch, S, Phillips, OL, Picard, N, Piedade, MTTF, Piotto, D, Pitman, NCA, Polo, I, Poorter, L, Poulsen, AD, Poulsen, JR, Pretzsch, H, Arevalo, FR, Restrepo-Correa, Z, Rodeghiero, M, Rolim, SG, Roopsind, A, Rovero, F, Rutishauser, E, Saikia, P, Salas-Eljatib, C, Saner, P, Schall, P, Schelhaas, MJ, Schepaschenko, D, Scherer-Lorenzen, M, Schmid, B, Schöngart, J, Searle, EB, Seben, V, Serra-Diaz, JM, Sheil, D, Shvidenko, AZ, Silva-Espejo, JE, Silveira, M, Singh, J, Sist, P, Slik, F, Sonké, B, Souza, AF, Miscicki, S, Stereńczak, KJ, Svenning, JC, Svoboda, M, Swanepoel, B, Targhetta, N, Tchebakova, N, ter Steege, H, Thomas, R, Tikhonova, E, Umunay, PM, Usoltsev, VA, Valencia, R, Valladares, F, van der Plas, F, Van Do, T, van Nuland, ME, Vasquez, RM, Verbeeck, H, Viana, H, Vibrans, AC, Vieira, S, von Gadow, K, Wang, HF, Watson, JV, Werner, GDA, Westerlund, B, Wiser, SK, Wittmann, F, Woell, H, Wortel, V, Zagt, R, Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, T, Zhang, C, Zhao, X, Zhou, M, Zhu, ZX & Zo-Bi, IC 2024, 'Positive feedbacks and alternative stable states in forest leaf types', Nature Communications, vol. 15, no. 1, 4658. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48676-5

TY - JOUR

T1 - Positive feedbacks and alternative stable states in forest leaf types

AU - Zou, Yibiao

AU - Zohner, Constantin M.

AU - Averill, Colin

AU - Ma, Haozhi

AU - Merder, Julian

AU - Berdugo, Miguel

AU - Bialic-Murphy, Lalasia

AU - Mo, Lidong

AU - Brun, Philipp

AU - Zimmermann, Niklaus E.

AU - Liang, Jingjing

AU - de-Miguel, Sergio

AU - Nabuurs, Gert Jan

AU - Reich, Peter B.

AU - Niinements, Ulo

AU - Dahlgren, Jonas

AU - Kändler, Gerald

AU - Ratcliffe, Sophia

AU - Ruiz-Benito, Paloma

AU - de Zavala, Miguel Angel

AU - Crowther, Thomas W.

AU - Abegg, Meinrad

AU - Adou Yao, Yves C.

AU - Alberti, Giorgio

AU - Almeyda Zambrano, Angelica M.

AU - Alvarado, Braulio Vilchez

AU - Alvarez-Dávila, Esteban

AU - Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia

AU - Alves, Luciana F.

AU - Ammer, Christian

AU - Antón-Fernández, Clara

AU - Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro

AU - Arroyo, Luzmila

AU - Avitabile, Valerio

AU - Aymard, Gerardo A.

AU - Baker, Timothy R.

AU - Bałazy, Radomir

AU - Banki, Olaf

AU - Barroso, Jorcely G.

AU - Bastian, Meredith L.

AU - Bastin, Jean Francois

AU - Birigazzi, Luca

AU - Birnbaum, Philippe

AU - Bitariho, Robert

AU - Boeckx, Pascal

AU - Bongers, Frans

AU - Bouriaud, Olivier

AU - Brancalion, Pedro H.S.

AU - Brandl, Susanne

AU - Brearley, Francis Q.

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PY - 2024/12

Y1 - 2024/12

N2 - The emergence of alternative stable states in forest systems has significant implications for the functioning and structure of the terrestrial biosphere, yet empirical evidence remains scarce. Here, we combine global forest biodiversity observations and simulations to test for alternative stable states in the presence of evergreen and deciduous forest types. We reveal a bimodal distribution of forest leaf types across temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere that cannot be explained by the environment alone, suggesting signatures of alternative forest states. Moreover, we empirically demonstrate the existence of positive feedbacks in tree growth, recruitment and mortality, with trees having 4–43% higher growth rates, 14–17% higher survival rates and 4–7 times higher recruitment rates when they are surrounded by trees of their own leaf type. Simulations show that the observed positive feedbacks are necessary and sufficient to generate alternative forest states, which also lead to dependency on history (hysteresis) during ecosystem transition from evergreen to deciduous forests and vice versa. We identify hotspots of bistable forest types in evergreen-deciduous ecotones, which are likely driven by soil-related positive feedbacks. These findings are integral to predicting the distribution of forest biomes, and aid to our understanding of biodiversity, carbon turnover, and terrestrial climate feedbacks.

AB - The emergence of alternative stable states in forest systems has significant implications for the functioning and structure of the terrestrial biosphere, yet empirical evidence remains scarce. Here, we combine global forest biodiversity observations and simulations to test for alternative stable states in the presence of evergreen and deciduous forest types. We reveal a bimodal distribution of forest leaf types across temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere that cannot be explained by the environment alone, suggesting signatures of alternative forest states. Moreover, we empirically demonstrate the existence of positive feedbacks in tree growth, recruitment and mortality, with trees having 4–43% higher growth rates, 14–17% higher survival rates and 4–7 times higher recruitment rates when they are surrounded by trees of their own leaf type. Simulations show that the observed positive feedbacks are necessary and sufficient to generate alternative forest states, which also lead to dependency on history (hysteresis) during ecosystem transition from evergreen to deciduous forests and vice versa. We identify hotspots of bistable forest types in evergreen-deciduous ecotones, which are likely driven by soil-related positive feedbacks. These findings are integral to predicting the distribution of forest biomes, and aid to our understanding of biodiversity, carbon turnover, and terrestrial climate feedbacks.

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85195001010&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1038/s41467-024-48676-5

DO - 10.1038/s41467-024-48676-5

M3 - Article

C2 - 38821957

AN - SCOPUS:85195001010

SN - 2041-1723

VL - 15

JO - Nature Communications

JF - Nature Communications

IS - 1

M1 - 4658

ER -

Positive feedbacks and alternative stable states in forest leaf types

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