Abstract
The hyline tribe Lophyohylini includes 87 species of treefrogs, of which cytogenetics aspects have been studied in less than 20% of them. In order to evaluate the evolution of some of its chromosome characters (NOR position, C-bands, and DAPI/CMA3 bands), we studied the karyotypes of 21 lophyohylines, 16 of them for the first time, and analyzed them in a phylogenetic context. Most species showed similar karyotypes regarding chromosome number (2n = 24) and morphology (FN = 48), excepting Phyllodytes edelmoi and Osteocephalus buckleyi with 2n = 22 (FN = 44) and 2n = 28 (FN = 50), respectively. The NOR location was variable among species and provided valuable phylogenetic information. This marker was located in pair 11 in all species of Trachycephalus, Itapotihyla langsdorffii, and Nyctimantis arapapa, representing the plesiomorphic condition of Lophyohylini. Besides, other apomorphic states were recovered for the clades comprising N. rugiceps and N. siemersi (NOR in pair 5), and Dryaderces pearsoni, Osteocephalus, and Osteopilus (NOR in pair 9). Phyllodytes presented variation for NORs position; they were in pair 2 in P. edelmoi, pair 7 in P. melanomystax, and pair 8 in P. gyrinaethes and P. praeceptor. Polymorphisms in size, number, and activity of this marker were observed for N. siemersi, Osteocephalus fuscifacies, and some species of Trachycephalus. Remarkably, in N. siemersi NORs were detected on a single chromosome in the two specimens studied by this technique, raising the question of how this complex polymorphism is maintained. Interstitial telomeric sequences were found in P. edelmoi,P. melanomystax, and Osteocephalus buckleyi, and their presence seems to be not related to the chromosome reorganization events. Finally, some species showed spontaneous rearrangements, possibly as a consequence of an uncommon phenomenon in anuran cytogenetics: the presence of fragile sites or secondary constrictions not associated with NORs. We propose that this rare feature would have played an important role in the evolution of this group of frogs. From the evidence obtained in this and previous studies, we conclude that Lophyohylini presents a complex chromosome evolution.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | e0234331 |
| Journal | PLoS ONE |
| Volume | 15 |
| Issue number | 6 1 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - 11 Jun 2020 |
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:© 2020 Suárez et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding
JMF is grateful to the Universidad Nacional de Misiones (16Q001-TI). DB and JF thanks Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (PICTs 2013-404, 2015-820, 2015-2381, PICT 2018-3349). CYN and JCP aknowledge Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), the Fundação Amazônia Paraense de Amparo à Pesquisa (FAPESPA) and the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) on projects coordinated by CY Nagamachi (Edital BIONORTE-CNPq, Proc 552032/2010-7; Edital BIONORTE-FAPESPA, ICAAF 007/2011; Edital Pró-Amazônia Proc 047/ 2012); the FAPESPA (Edital Vale - Proc 2010/ 110447) and Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social - BNDES (Operação 2.318.697.0001) on a project coordinated by JC Pieczarka. ABZ y MR appreciate the partial financing of this research by Research Directory of the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador project code QINV0046 - IINV529010100. EMJ thanks Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa da Bahia - FAPESB (#8952/2014) for the doctoral grant, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Espírito Santo - FAPES (Processo 78252482) for post doctoral Grant and Rede Baiana de Pesquisas sobre Anfíbios for partially funding this project. IJR thanks Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-Brasil (CAPES)-Finance code 001 doctoral fellowship (88882.156872/2016-01). VGDO was supported with a CNPq fellow (#310467/2017-9) PS, JMF, DC, JF, and DB thank the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). PS, JMF, DC, and DB also thank the Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM). CYN and JCP are grateful to the Universidade Federal do Pará. We thank J.M. Boeris for helping in the collection of some specimens from Argentina. CYN, VGDO, and JCP to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). ABZ, MR acknowledge to Santiago Ron (Museo de Zoología QCAZ) and Andrés Merino (Balsa de los Sapos project from PUCE) for providing specimens and for species identification. TNT was provided free by the Willi Hennig Society.
| Funders | Funder number |
|---|---|
| John Merck Fund | |
| Willi Hennig Society | |
| Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior | 110447, 047/ 2012, 552032/2010-7, ICAAF 007/2011 |
| Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas | |
| Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica | PICTs 2013-404, 2015-820, 2015-2381, PICT 2018-3349 |
| Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico | |
| Fundação Amazônia Paraense de Amparo à Pesquisa | |
| Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia | 8952/2014 |
| Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Espírito Santo | 78252482, 310467/2017-9, 88882.156872/2016-01 |
| Universidade Federal do Pará | |
| Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador | QINV0046 - IINV529010100 |
| Universidad Nacional de Misiones | 16Q001-TI |
| Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social | 2.318.697.0001 |
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