AN EMPIRICAL EVALUATION OF CAMERA TRAP STUDY DESIGN: HOW MANY, HOW LONG AND WHEN? How many, how long and when?

Roland Kays, Brian S. Arbogast, Megan Baker-Whatton, Chris Beirne, Hailey M. Boone, Mark Bowler, Santiago F. Burneo, Michael V. Cove, Ping Ding, Santiago Espinosa, André Luis Sousa Gonçalves, Christopher P. Hansen, Patrick A. Jansen, Joseph M. Kolowski, Travis W. Knowles, Marcela Guimarães Moreira Lima, Joshua Millspaugh, William J. McShea, Krishna Pacifici, Arielle W. ParsonsBrent S. Pease, Francesco Rovero, Fernanda Santos, Stephanie G. Schuttler, Douglas Sheil, Xingfeng Si, Matt Snider, Wilson R. Spironello

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

141 Scopus citations

Abstract

Camera traps deployed in grids or stratified random designs are a well-established survey tool for wildlife but there has been little evaluation of study design parameters. We used an empirical subsampling approach involving 2,225 camera deployments run at 41 study areas around the world to evaluate three aspects of camera trap study design (number of sites, duration and season of sampling) and their influence on the estimation of three ecological metrics (species richness, occupancy and detection rate) for mammals. We found that 25–35 camera sites were needed for precise estimates of species richness, depending on scale of the study. The precision of species-level estimates of occupancy (ψ) was highly sensitive to occupancy level, with <20 camera sites needed for precise estimates of common (ψ > 0.75) species, but more than 150 camera sites likely needed for rare (ψ < 0.25) species. Species detection rates were more difficult to estimate precisely at the grid level due to spatial heterogeneity, presumably driven by unaccounted habitat variability factors within the study area. Running a camera at a site for 2 weeks was most efficient for detecting new species, but 3–4 weeks were needed for precise estimates of local detection rate, with no gains in precision observed after 1 month. Metrics for all mammal communities were sensitive to seasonality, with 37%–50% of the species at the sites we examined fluctuating significantly in their occupancy or detection rates over the year. This effect was more pronounced in temperate sites, where seasonally sensitive species varied in relative abundance by an average factor of 4–5, and some species were completely absent in one season due to hibernation or migration. We recommend the following guidelines to efficiently obtain precise estimates of species richness, occupancy and detection rates with camera trap arrays: run each camera for 3–5 weeks across 40–60 sites per array. We recommend comparisons of detection rates be model based and include local covariates to help account for small-scale variation. Furthermore, comparisons across study areas or times must account for seasonality, which could have strong impacts on mammal communities in both tropical and temperate sites.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)700-713
Number of pages14
JournalMethods in Ecology and Evolution
Volume11
Issue number6
DOIs
StatePublished - 3 Feb 2020

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources. Methods in Ecology and Evolution © 2020 The British Ecological Society.

Keywords

  • camera traps
  • community ecology
  • detectability
  • mammals
  • relative abundance
  • species richness
  • study design
  • wildlife surveys

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